geology

the discipline that studies the earth as a physical and chemical system. geology bridges geo (territory, terrain, earth systems) and chemo (mineral composition, geochemistry, rock-forming reactions)

in the crystal, geology spans two domains:

geo — plate tectonics, volcano, earthquake, continent, ocean, geological time, soil

chemo — mineral chemistry, crystallography, geochemical cycles

branches

petrology → geo + chemo (rock formation, igneous/sedimentary/metamorphic)

mineralogy → chemo + geo (mineral identification, crystal structure)

geophysics → geo + quantum (seismic waves, magnetic field, gravity surveys)

paleontology → geo + bio (fossils, Cambrian explosion, mass extinction event)

hydrogeology → geo (groundwater, water cycle, aquifers)

volcanology → geo (volcano, agung, merapi, vesuvius, etna, fuji)