chemical properties

  • molecular structure: composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming polypeptides that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes.
  • molecular weight: varies significantly depending on the protein (e.g., hemoglobin: ~64,500 g/mol).
  • solubility: solubility depends on the protein and its environment (e.g., pH, temperature); proteins can be soluble (e.g., albumin) or insoluble (e.g., keratin).
  • chemical formula: varies; general composition includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (CHON).

usefulness in medicine

antibacterial and antimicrobial activity

  • proteins and muscle health
  • proteins and immune defense
  • hemoglobin: transports oxygen in the blood.
  • myosin: involved in muscle contraction and movement.
  • collagen: provides structure to skin, bones, and connective tissues.
  • keratin: strengthens hair, skin, and nails.
  • insulin: regulates blood sugar levels.
  • albumin: maintains fluid balance in the blood and carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes.
  • fibrinogen: essential for blood clotting.
  • amylase: breaks down carbohydrates into sugars during digestion.
  • trypsin: aids in protein digestion in the small intestine.
  • antibodies (immunoglobulins): help the immune system fight infections.
  • actin: works with myosin for cell movement and muscle contraction.
  • elastin: provides elasticity to tissues like skin and blood vessels.
  • cytochrome c: involved in energy production within mitochondria.
  • casein: a protein found in milk, providing essential amino acids.
  • lysozyme: destroys bacterial cell walls, offering antimicrobial defense.
  • enzymes: catalyze biochemical reactions in the body (e.g., lactase for lactose digestion).
  • monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-made proteins used in treating diseases like cancer.
  • hormones: protein-based signaling molecules (e.g., growth hormone).
  • transport proteins: facilitate the movement of molecules (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).