- cultivation of plants and animals for sustenance and materials
- origin in the Neolithic revolution, approximately 10,000 years ago
- transforms soil, water, and energy into food through managed ecosystems
- primary subsystems: crops, irrigation, composting, harvest
- modern forms: industrial monoculture, permaculture, agroforestry, hydroponics
- foundation of settled civilization, surplus enables division of labor
- depends on photosynthesis as the energy entry point
- the practice cyberia aims to restore through food sovereignty and clean food