- gathering of mature crops from the field
- timing is critical: too early reduces yield, too late causes loss to weather, pests, shattering
- methods: hand picking, sickle, combine harvester, mechanical shaker
- follows the seasonal rhythm dictated by photosynthesis and climate
- post-harvest: drying, threshing, winnowing, storage, processing
- storage losses (insects, mold, rodents) can destroy 30% of grain in developing regions
- fermentation (food), milling, and preservation extend harvest value through time
- celebration of harvest is universal across cultures: thanksgiving, Sukkot, Pongal
- links agriculture to economy: surplus enables trade, cities, and civilization