| nickel |
alyssum, thlaspi, brassica juncea, salix, berkheya coddii, hypericum perforatum |
800°C - 1000°C |
acid leaching |
electrolysis, solvent extraction |
1-3% |
| zinc |
thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, brassica juncea, salix, arabidopsis halleri, populus, phragmites australis |
650°C - 800°C |
acid leaching |
precipitation, ion exchange |
1-5% |
| cadmium |
thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, brassica juncea, salix, arabidopsis halleri, hypericum perforatum, populus, phragmites australis |
650°C - 800°C |
acid leaching |
precipitation, ion exchange |
3-7% |
| lead |
thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, coriandrum sativum, phytolacca americana, sesbania drummondii, helianthus annuus, phragmites australis |
650°C - 800°C |
acid leaching |
solvent extraction, precipitation |
0.5-2% |
| uranium |
helianthus annuus |
600°C - 800°C |
chemical extraction |
specialized chemical processes |
<1% |
| cesium |
helianthus annuus |
600°C - 800°C |
chemical extraction |
specialized chemical processes |
<1% |
| strontium |
helianthus annuus |
600°C - 800°C |
chemical extraction |
specialized chemical processes |
<1% |
| arsenic |
fern, helianthus annuus, amaranthus |
650°C - 800°C |
chemical extraction |
specialized chemical processes |
0.5-3% |
| aluminum |
sorghum, melastoma malabathricum |
650°C - 800°C |
acid leaching |
acid neutralization |
<1% |
| copper |
chrysopogon zizanioides, salix, amaranthus |
650°C - 800°C |
acid leaching |
solvent extraction, precipitation |
1-4% |
| chromium |
brassica juncea, bacopa monnieri |
600°C - 800°C |
acid leaching |
solvent extraction, precipitation |
0.5-3% |