phytomining — Cyber

class of plants which can extract metals from soil called phytominers

metals/factors	hyperaccumulator plants	incineration	extraction method	purification method	recovery yield
nickel	alyssum, thlaspi, brassica juncea, salix, berkheya coddii, hypericum perforatum	800°C - 1000°C	acid leaching	electrolysis, solvent extraction	1-3%
zinc	thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, brassica juncea, salix, arabidopsis halleri, populus, phragmites australis	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	precipitation, ion exchange	1-5%
cadmium	thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, brassica juncea, salix, arabidopsis halleri, hypericum perforatum, populus, phragmites australis	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	precipitation, ion exchange	3-7%
lead	thlaspi, chrysopogon zizanioides, coriandrum sativum, phytolacca americana, sesbania drummondii, helianthus annuus, phragmites australis	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	solvent extraction, precipitation	0.5-2%
uranium	helianthus annuus	600°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	<1%
cesium	helianthus annuus	600°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	<1%
strontium	helianthus annuus	600°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	<1%
arsenic	fern, helianthus annuus, amaranthus	650°C - 800°C	chemical extraction	specialized chemical processes	0.5-3%
aluminum	sorghum, melastoma malabathricum	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	acid neutralization	<1%
copper	chrysopogon zizanioides, salix, amaranthus	650°C - 800°C	acid leaching	solvent extraction, precipitation	1-4%
chromium	brassica juncea, bacopa monnieri	600°C - 800°C	acid leaching	solvent extraction, precipitation	0.5-3%

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