1894-1964. American mathematician and philosopher.
Founded cybernetics: the study of communication and control in machines and living organisms (1948).
Defined feedback loops as the core mechanism of self-regulating systems, from thermostats to nervous systems to protocols.
Connected information theory, computation, and biology under a unified framework of circular causality.
His concept of feedback is the operating principle of governance, homeostasis, and adaptive control in any autonomous system.
Anticipated the societal risks of automation and intelligent machines decades before they materialized.
cybernetics is the intellectual ancestor of control theory, machine learning, robotics, and the feedback-driven design of cyber.