legal membership in a state, carrying rights and obligations
acquisition: birth (jus soli, jus sanguinis), naturalization, investment, marriage
rights: vote, reside, work, access public services, consular protection
obligations: obey laws, pay taxation, military service (in some states)
dual/multiple citizenship: simultaneous membership in several states
digital citizenship: membership in network state communities, verified through cryptographic identity
portal serves as the gateway to cyber state citizenship: identity registration, reputation accumulation, access to governance
cyberia citizenship: on-chain identity linked to participation in governance, staking, and knowledge contribution
statelessness: absence of citizenship, affecting ~10 million people globally, a failure of the nation-state system
see also sovereignty, social contract, democracy, human rights