the CryptoNote descendant that carried privacy into consensus (2019, hybrid PoW/PoS). confidential assets hide which token moves, d/v-CLSAG ring signatures hide who moves it — and Zarcanum delivered the first hidden-amount proof-of-stake: a validator proves its stake clears the threshold without revealing the balance that staked
the lesson: privacy reaches consensus itself. stake can be weighed without being shown — the same shape as a neuron proving "my stake exceeds the voting threshold" through a zheng range proof while the number stays private