The mathematical study of continuous change through differentiation and integration.
founders:: Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz
limits formalize the concept of approaching a value, grounding both derivatives and integrals
The fundamental theorem of calculus unifies differentiation and integration as inverse operations
derivatives measure instantaneous rate of change; integrals accumulate quantities over intervals
Multivariable calculus extends to gradients, divergence, and curl in higher dimensions
Taylor series approximates functions as infinite polynomials around a point
Foundation of differential equations, optimization, physics, and fourier transform
Related:: linear algebra, topology, probability, statistics, relativity