product
plant/type: flowering evergreen tree
properties
- root: fibrous to semi-deep root system. provides good anchorage and nutrient uptake in tropical soils
- stem: erect, cylindrical, woody with smooth grey bark
- leaf: leathery, oblong to lanceolate, glossy dark green on top
- leaf-length:: 15–25 cm
- flower: fragrant, creamy white or yellow, blooms singly or in small clusters
- petal-length:: 6–10 cm
- fruit: aggregate of follicles, each containing red-coated seeds
- bark: smooth, grey to light brown, aromatic when cut
- timber: fine-grained, soft to medium-hard wood, lightly fragrant
environment:: tropical lowland and mid-elevation climates with rich, well-drained soils and consistent rainfall
- climate:: warm, humid, monsoon or equatorial with stable temperatures and high rainfall
- sun:: 700–900 w/m²
- no-sun-days:: 5–10
- water:: 1500–3000 mm/year
- no-water-days:: 7–14
- humidity:: 70–90 %
- fog-resistance:: 10–15 days
- max-temp:: 38 °C
- optimal-temp:: 25–32 °C
- min-temp:: 12 °C
- wind-damage:: strong-dry, salty-coastal, monsoon-gust
- soil:: prefers fertile, humus-rich loamy soils with good drainage and neutral to slightly acidic pH
- soil-ph:: 6.0–7.2
- soil-type:: loamy, volcanic, humus-rich
- spacing:: plant 6–10 m apart to accommodate canopy spread and root development
- lifecycle
- longevity:: 80 years
- germination:: seeds germinate in 30–60 days with consistent warmth and moisture. pre-soaking and scarification improve success
- seedling:: slow at first. requires filtered light and protection from heavy rain for the first 3–6 months
- mature:: begins flowering at 5–7 years, stable annual flowering under good conditions
- death:: naturally declines over decades. sensitive to root compaction and fungal root diseases in old age
- plant/features: fragrant flowers, attract pollinators, shade-giving, ornamental
- layer: canopy, titan (humid tropics)
- products: fresh flowers, essential oil, aromatic wood, floral water, ornamental tree, incense, perfume ingredient
- chemical compounds
compound plant part % amount description essential oils root trace <0.1% aromatic base compounds. minor volatile contribution alkaloids root ~0.1–0.3% may have antifungal and antimicrobial activity tannins root ~0.1–0.3% astringent, protective against pathogens alkaloids bark ~0.3–0.5% antimicrobial, mild stimulant, potential sedative flavonoids bark ~0.5–1% antioxidant, anti-inflammatory aromatic glycosides bark trace <0.2% scent-carrying compounds, contribute to aroma in bark volatile oils leaf trace <0.1% minor aromatic compounds, species-specific scent chlorophyll leaf present (N/A) pigments for photosynthesis, no medicinal value flavonoids leaf ~0.5% antioxidant, supports plant defense triterpenes leaf trace <0.2% possible antifungal or anti-inflammatory activity linalool flower ~20–30% main aromatic compound, calming and relaxation effects α-terpineol flower ~10–15% floral, slightly woody aroma, sedative and antibacterial action benzyl alcohol flower ~5–10% sweet aromatic alcohol, antimicrobial methyl benzoate flower ~1–3% floral fragrance compound, antimicrobial and perfumery use sesquiterpenes flower ~1–2% contributes depth to floral scent, potential anti-inflammatory action flavonoids flower ~0.5–1% antioxidant, color and UV protection fatty oils fruit/seeds ~5–8% storage lipids in seeds, may have emollient properties resin acids fruit/seeds trace <0.5% antimicrobial, protective, found in seed coat lignans fruit/seeds trace <0.2% antioxidant, possible hormones-modulating activity aromatic resin timber trace <0.5% light scent in fresh wood, used in incense sesquiterpenes timber trace <0.2% contribute to wood aroma, mild bioactivity when fresh - operations
- propagate plants: propagated via seeds (fresh, pre-treated), air-layering, or semi-hardwood cuttings; seedling method is slow but reliable
- maintenance: mulch and protect young trees from drying winds; prune lightly after flowering to shape; avoid waterlogging; fertilize with compost and leaf mulch annually
- harvest:
- fresh flowers: collected daily in early morning during bloom seasons for perfumery or ceremonial use
- essential oil: steam-distilled from fresh petals, yield is low (~0.1–0.3%) but highly aromatic
- floral water: byproduct of distillation used in cosmetics and rituals
- wood: harvested selectively after natural fall or pruning. used in artisanal woodcraft, incense, and carving
wood
products
height: 50 m