cybertensor-developer-docs/docs/learn/Cybertensor Building Blocks.md

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Cybertensor Building Blocks

The Cybertensor API provides basic building blocks you can use to develop your incentive mechanism. This section presents:

  • An overview of a subnet.
  • Introduction to the Cybertensor building blocks.

Subnet

A subnet closely follows how a classical feedforward neural network is connected. Consider the below diagram showing a comparison of a classical neural network with a subnet.

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  • A node in a neural network is represented in a Cybertensor subnet as either a subnet validator or a subnet miner. A node is also referred as a neuron in a subnet terminology. A neuron is the basic computing node in a Cybertensor subnet. :::tip Node requirements For example, see Minimum compute requirements for compute, memory, bandwidth and storage requirements for a subnet node, i.e., for a subnet neuron. :::
  • The classical neural network graph (shown on the left) is bipartite, i.e., a node in the input layer is connected only to a node in the next layer (hidden layer). A subnet graph (shown on the right) is also bipartite. Hence:
    • A subnet validator in a subnet is only connected to a subnet miner.
    • No two subnet validators are connected. Similarly, no two subnet miners are connected.
  • In the classical neural network, the inputs from the external world are connected only to the input layer, and the hidden nodes are isolated from the external world (hence, "hidden"). Similarly, in a Cybertensor subnet:
    • Inputs from the external world can connect only to the subnet validators.
    • Only subnet validators are allowed to connect to subnet miners, hence isolating subnet miners from the external world.
  • Many-to-many bidirectional: Notice that in the classical neural network shown on the left, the connection from input layer to the hidden layer is only feedforward. However, in a Cybertensor subnet, shown on the right, a subnet miner can directly communicate to the subnet validator. This bidirectional communication between a subnet validator and a subnet miner forms the core of a protocol in an incentive mechanism. This closely resembles the architecture of a Restricted Botlzmann Machine (RBM).

Neuron-to-neuron communication

Neurons exchange information by:

  • Encapsulating the information in a Synapse object.
  • Instantiating server (Axon) and client (dendrite) network elements and exchanging Synapse objects using this server-client (Axon-dendrite) protocol. See the below diagram.

Axon

The axon module in Cybertensor API uses FastAPI library to create and run API servers. For example, when a subnet miner calls,

axon = ct.axon(wallet=self.wallet, config=self.config)

then an API server with the name axon is spawned on the subnet miner node. This axon API server receives incoming Synapse objects from subnet validators, i.e., the axon starts to serve on behalf of the subnet miner.

Similarly, in your subnet miner code you must use the axon API to spawn an API server to receive incoming Synapse objects from the subnet validators.

Dendrite

Axon is a server instance. Hence, a subnet validator will instantiate a dendrite client on itself to transmit information to axons that are on the subnet miners. For example, when a subnet validator runs the below code fragment:

    responses: List[ct.Synapse] = await self.dendrite(
        axons=axons,
        synapse=synapse,
        timeout=timeout,
    )

then the subnet validator:

  • Has instantiated a dendrite client on itself.
  • Transmitted synapse objects to a set of axons (that are attached to subnet miners).
  • Waits until timeout expires.

Synapse

Synapse is a data object. Subnet validators and subnet miners use Synapse data objects as the main vehicle to exchange information. The Synapse class inherits from the BaseModel of the Pydantic data validation library.

Metagraph

A metagraph is a data structure that contains comprehensive information about current state of the subnet. When you inspect the metagraph of a subnet, you will find detailed information on all the nodes (neurons) in the subnet. A subnet validator should first sync with a subnet's metagraph to know all the subnet miners that are in the subnet. The metagraph can be inspected without participating in a subnet.

Cwtensor

A cwtensor is a Cybertensor object that handles the interactions with the blockchain, whether the chain is local or mainchain.

Neighbours