alias: butyrate, butyric acid
butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced in the colon by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. it is known for its critical role in gut health, anti-inflammatory properties, and metabolic benefits.
chemical properties
molecular weight: 88.11 g/mol
density: 0.96 g/cm³
melting point: -5°C
boiling point: 163°C
solubility: soluble in water, ethanol, and ether
chemical formula: C₄H₈O₂
usefulness in medicine
gut health: butyrate is a primary energy source for colonic cells, promoting gut lining integrity and reducing the risk of leaky gut.
anti-inflammatory: it modulates immune responses and reduces intestinal and systemic inflammation, which is beneficial in conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis.
colon cancer prevention: butyrate induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells and reduces tumor-promoting inflammation.
metabolic health: it improves insulin sensitivity, reduces blood sugar levels, and plays a role in obesity management.
brain health: butyrate exhibits neuroprotective effects by promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and reducing neuroinflammation.
sources of butyrate
dietary: not directly present in foods but produced in the colon by fermentation of fibers found in:
- resistant starch (e.g., green bananas, cooked and cooled rice).
- dietary fiber (e.g., from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains).
fermented foods: small amounts in butter, cheese, and other dairy products.
supplements: sodium butyrate and calcium butyrate are available as supplements.
antibacterial and antimicrobial activity
butyrate indirectly exhibits antimicrobial properties by lowering the colonic pH creating an unfavorable environment for pathogenic bacteria.
research highlights:
- bacteria:
- inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria like clostridium difficile and salmonella.
- beneficial bacteria:
- promotes the growth of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus.