- 1894-1964. American mathematician and philosopher.
- Founded cybernetics: the study of communication and control in machines and living organisms (1948).
- Defined feedback loops as the core mechanism of self-regulating systems, from thermostats to nervous systems to protocols.
- Connected information theory, computation, and biology under a unified framework of circular causality.
- His concept of feedback is the operating principle of governance, homeostasis, and adaptive control in any autonomous system.
- Anticipated the societal risks of automation and intelligent machines decades before they materialized.
- cybernetics is the intellectual ancestor of control theory, machine learning, robotics, and the feedback-driven design of cyber.