reduction of uncertainty. hashing data collapses "what content?" into a fixed answer — the hash is the proof of measurement, and the particle is a unit of information
Shannon defined it as surprise: H = −Σ p(x) log₂ p(x). his theory stops at the channel. what happens after — naming, linking, inferring structure — is where cyber begins
subject of information is neuron. object of information is particle
discover all concepts