Aristotle: Wisdom of the Crowds: potluck feast - everyone contributes dishes
M. Condorcet jury theorem
W. M. Wheeler: superorganism
VernadskyTeilhard: noosphere
Engelbartthree people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as one augmented person working alone
ant colonies, bee hives, and bird flocks
complex problems (finding shortest paths to food, allocating tasks, or navigating long migrations) without central control. This led to the field of swarm intelligence
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), first proposed by Marco Dorigo
Traveling Salesman Problem
simple local rules ⇒ complex collective search and optimization
Methods
random walk
stigmergy
market
longest chain rule
conway’s game of life
emergence
MIT Center for Collective Intelligence Thomas Malone
