- 1809-1882. British naturalist and geologist.
- Established evolution by natural selection as the mechanism driving the diversity of life.
- Published “On the Origin of Species” (1859), the foundation of modern biology.
- Demonstrated that all species descend from common ancestors through variation, inheritance, and selection.
- His theory unifies biology, genetics, ecology, and paleontology under a single explanatory framework.
- evolution by selection operates in any replicating system with variation and fitness pressure, including protocols and knowledge graph topologies.